Data Sources: Financial data from SEC EDGAR filings (10-K, 10-Q). Stock prices from Yahoo Finance (2 years daily data).
EBITDA Calculation: Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization. For industrial companies, calculated as Operating Income + Depreciation & Amortization. For financial companies (banks, insurance), uses Pre-Tax Income as a proxy since traditional EBITDA doesn't apply.
EBITDA Y/Y Trend (Smoothed): Measures the average annual change in EBITDA using a 2-period moving average. Expressed in billions per year. Positive values indicate growing earnings, negative values indicate declining earnings. Strong trends are >$1B or <-$1B per year.
Valuation Bands: Based on current price relative to 252-day (one trading year) moving average with standard deviation bands: Discount (>2σ below MA), Below Value (1-2σ below MA), Fair Value (±1σ from MA), Above Value (1-2σ above MA), Premium (>2σ above MA). Lower bands may indicate buying opportunities; higher bands may indicate overvaluation.